Performing a new regional geography     

Gordon Winder  Nick Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2010,66(2):97-104

In this introduction to the Special Issue ‘Practising a New Regional Geography in Northland’, we call for a new regional geography. We use the experience of a field course to reflect upon the opportunities and challenges associated with doing ‘regional geography’ in the regions, a subdiscipline that has in recent decades been pushed into the backwaters of the discipline. We reinterpret the maxim ‘geography is what geographers do’ in a new way that emphasises pedagogy and research practice. The case of Northland and helping our students to learn experientially about community and environment under the rubric of sustainability allows us to argue the case for a reinterpretation of regional geography in these terms. We position the contributions in this Special Issue in terms of our call.  相似文献   

Geophysical flows under location uncertainty,Part I Random transport and general models     

V. Resseguier  E. Mémin  B. Chapron 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2017,111(3):149-176

A stochastic flow representation is considered with the Eulerian velocity decomposed between a smooth large scale component and a rough small-scale turbulent component. The latter is specified as a random field uncorrelated in time. Subsequently, the material derivative is modified and leads to a stochastic version of the material derivative to include a drift correction, an inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion, and a multiplicative noise. As derived, this stochastic transport exhibits a remarkable energy conservation property for any realizations. As demonstrated, this pivotal operator further provides elegant means to derive stochastic formulations of classical representations of geophysical flow dynamics.  相似文献   

A collective approach to Pacific islands fisheries management: Moving beyond regional agreements     

Quentin Hanich  Feleti Teo  Martin Tsamenyi 《Marine Policy》2010

The sustainable management and profitable development of the Pacific island tuna fisheries is the key ocean governance challenge for the Pacific islands region in the short and medium term. Resolving these challenges is fundamental to the long term future of the region and its ability to implement oceans governance across all resource and conservation concerns.  相似文献   

Remote detection of bare soil moisture using a surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient     

Shaohua Zhao  Yonghui Yang  Guoyu Qiu  Qiming Qin  Yunjun Yao  Yujiu Xiong  Chunqiang Li 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010

An approach for estimating soil moisture is presented and tested by using surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient (h_a), a coefficient recently proposed through the equation h_a = (T_s − T_a)/(T_sd − T_a), where T_s, T_sd, and T_a are land surface temperature (LST), reference soil (dry soil without evaporation) surface temperature, and air temperature respectively. Our analysis and controllable experiment indicated that h_a closely related to soil moisture, and therefore, a relationship between field soil moisture and h_a could be developed for soil moisture estimation. Field experiments were carried out to test the relationship between h_a and soil moisture. Time series Aqua-MODIS images were acquired between 11 Sep. 2006 and 1 Nov. 2007. Then, MODIS derived h_a and simultaneous measured soil moisture for different soil depths were used to establish the relations between the two variables. Results showed that there was a logarithmic relationship between soil moisture and h_a (P < 0.01). These logarithmic models were further validated by introducing another ground-truth data gathered from 46 meteorological stations in Hebei Province. Good agreement was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture with RMSE of 0.0374 cm³/cm³ and 0.0503 cm³/cm³ for surface energy balance method at two soil depths (10 cm and 20 cm), with RMSE of 0.0467 cm³/cm³ and 0.0581 cm³/cm³ for maximum temperature method at two soil depths. For vegetated surfaces, the ratio of h_a and NDVI suggested to be considered. The proposed approach has a great potential for soil moisture and drought evaluation by remote sensing.  相似文献   

基于年际增量法的卷积神经网络模型对中国夏季降水的预测研究          下载免费PDF全文

蒋鹏  胡轶佳  钟中  孙源  吕硕 《气象科学》2023,43(5):569-577

将前冬的500 hPa位势高度、向外长波辐射和海表温度的年际增量作为预测因子，建立基于卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network，CNN）的非线性预测模型，对中国160个测站夏季降水展开预测研究，并与基于线性奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition，SVD）的预测模型进行效果对比。结果表明：CNN在1981—2020年的交叉检验中所回报的降水平均PS评分和距平相关系数（ACC）分别为74.33和0.12，比SVD高2.15和0.06，说明CNN比SVD在整体上对夏季降水具有更好的预测能力。其中，CNN对SVD预测较好年份的预测效果提升较为明显，对SVD预测较差的年份则改进不大。CNN对中国降水预测存在一定的系统性偏差，订正后CNN对拉尼娜年的降水预测改进较大。结果表明，基于年际增量法的CNN预测模型展示出较好的潜在应用价值。  相似文献   

基于非等时距数据序列的高层建筑沉降预测   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

单瑞  独知行  刘焱雄 《测绘科学》2010,35(3):100-102

将泊松曲线引入到高层建筑的沉降预测分析中。采用牛顿插值平均法将非等时距数据转化成等时距数据,通过三段计算法求解模型系数,并结合高层建筑沉降监测工程实例计算分析,结果表明:泊松曲线预测与实际沉降数据吻合较好,拟合曲线精度较高,预测效果明显好于传统的双曲线法和指数曲线法,具有较高的实际应用价值。  相似文献   

中国海及邻近海域卫星观测资料同化试验   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

何忠杰  韩桂军  李威  李冬  张学峰  王喜冬  吴新荣 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2010,40(9)

利用1个基于POMgcs海洋模式和多重网格三维变分同化方法建立的中国海及邻近海域海面高与三维温盐流数值预报模型,通过一系列数值试验,研究了同化卫星测高和卫星遥感海面温度观测资料对该模型预报能力的影响。试验结果表明,同化卫星测高资料可明显改善海面高度与三维温度和盐度的分析预报效果,使1 200 m以上的温度预报误差减小0.16℃,并能有效提高对海洋中尺度现象的预报能力;同化卫星遥感海面温度对100 m以上的温度和盐度的预报效果有所改善,可使海面温度的预报误差减小10%。  相似文献   

基于卷积神经网络的逐时降水预报订正方法研究     

陈锦鹏  冯业荣  蒙伟光  文秋实  潘宁  戴光丰 《气象》2021,(1):60-70

应用2017—2018年5—9月福建省观测资料对华南区域中尺度模式(GTRAMS-3 km-RUC)预报进行站点检验,建立和训练基于卷积神经网络的逐时降水分级订正模型,并与频率匹配法进行2017—2018年测试集的对比试验和2019年数据集的模拟业务检验,探讨了试验过程中遇到的样本不均衡、特征变量选取以及模型过拟合问题。结果表明:模式对于15 mm·h-1以上降水的预报能力弱,各订正方法对原始预报均有不同程度的改进作用。从评估指标来看,基于卷积神经网络的订正方法比频率匹配法表现出优势,其中相关系数判别方案下的网络模型对强降水预报的订正效果显著优于其他方法;在输入特征变量选取方面,应用主成分分析方案的模型训练收敛速度比相关系数判别方案更快,最佳训练期有所提前,但也更早进入严重的过拟合状态,而相关系数判别方案能够使网络模型的训练拥有更长的提升期以达到更具“潜力”的状态;基于卷积神经网络的订正方法对减少分类降水预报的漏报率、晴雨和弱降水预报的空报率具有显著作用,其优化程度明显超过频率匹配法。  相似文献   

利用深度学习融合NWP和多源观测数据的闪电落区短时预报方法     

周康辉  郑永光  王婷波 《气象学报》2021,79(1):1-14

强对流短时预报（2—6 h）具有较大难度。一方面,基于观测数据的外推已基本不可用;另一方面,高分辨率数值模式（High-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction,HNWP）的预报性能有待提升。利用深度学习方法,将卫星、雷达、云-地闪电（简称闪电）等观测数据和高分辨率数值模式预测数据进行融合,得到更有效的闪电落区短时预报结果。基于多源观测数据和高分辨率数值天气预报数据的特性,构建了一个双输入单输出的深度学习语义分割模型（LightningNet-NWP）,使用了包括闪电密度、雷达组合反射率拼图、卫星成像仪6个红外通道,以及GRAPES_3km模式预报的雷达组合反射率等共9个预报因子。深度学习模型使用了编码-解码的经典全卷卷积结构,并使用池化索引共享的方式,尽可能保留不同尺度特征图上的细节特征信息;利用三维卷积层提取观测数据时间和空间上的变化特征。结果表明,LightningNet-NWP能够较好地实现0—6 h的闪电落区预报,具备比单纯使用多源观测数据、高分辨率数值模式预报数据更好的预报结果。深度学习能够有效实现多源观测数据和数值天气预报数据的融合,在2—6 h时效预报效果优于单独使用观测数据或数值天气预报数据;预报时效越长,融合的优势体现得越明显。   相似文献   

GRAPES_GFS模式全球降水预报的主要偏差特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘帅  王建捷  陈起英  孙健 《气象学报》2021,79(2):255-281

利用2017年1、4、7、10月“全球降水观测（global precipitation measurement,GPM）计划”每日08时（北京时）的24 h累计降水量和逐30 min降水量观测产品,从降水量和频率等角度,对同期GRAPES全球模式（GRAPES_GFS）第1（D1）、3（D3）、5天（D5）的全球降水预报性能和偏差特征进行细致评估与分析,且对低纬度暖池和北半球中纬度风暴路径区进行了重点观察,初步探讨了降水预报偏差特征在低纬度和中纬度明显不同的可能原因。结果显示:（1）GRAPES_GFS的D1—D5预报对全球日降水（量和频率）分布描述合理,能准确再现纬向平均降水（量和频率）的典型特征—降水“双峰”极大位于南北纬20°之间,次极大位于南北纬40°—50°地区的特征,以及关键区日降水时、空演变和降水日循环逐日演变的主要趋势特征。（2）低纬度的纬向平均湿日（≥0.1 mm/d）频率预报正偏差很小,但日降水量和强降水日（＞25 mm/d）频率预报的正偏差明显、偏差极大值“双峰”位置恰是相应观测极大值所在处（南北纬5°—10°）;中纬度的纬向平均日降水量预报基本无偏,但明显的湿日降水频率预报正偏差（20%—30%）和强降水日频率负偏差出现在南北纬40°—60°。降水偏差正、负分布特征随季节和预报时效基本保持不变,预报均方根误差数倍于平均误差,暗示模式降水预报偏差有系统性且性能表现波动较大。（3）日循环中,模式在暖池的降水量预报正偏差缘于降水强度预报偏强,降水频率预报的弱负偏差主要与降水落区预报偏小有关;而模式在北半球风暴路径区降水频率预报的正偏差则是降水落区预报偏大和空报弱降水事件两方面因素造成。（4）模式降水（量和频率）预报偏差特征在低纬度和中纬度的明显差异与模式次网格尺度和网格尺度降水比例失调有关,改进线索指向模式对流参数化方案中深对流的启动和深对流降水量的处理以及对流参数化方案与云微物理方案的协同问题。   相似文献